Mesenchymal stem cells could be the key to bone regeneration

Researchers from the University of Tsukuba, Japan, in collaboration with the University of Bonn, Germany, have identified a subpopulation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that promote the healing of bone fractures and show an enhanced ability to differentiate into various cell types.

MSCs are found in bone marrow and are “multi-potent”, meaning that they can both renew themselves and develop into a variety of specialised cell types, such as bone, fat and cartilage cells. The team had previously developed a mouse line that uses green fluorescent protein to highlight cells expressing a particular molecule known as CD73. Studies of the bone marrow in this mouse revealed that a subpopulation of MSCs expressed CD73, as well as the sinusoidal endothelial cells (sECs) that are part of the vascular system of the bone marrow.

The CD73-positive MSCs could be seen to proliferate more than the CD73-negative MSCs and to have a higher potential to differentiate into different cell types, indicating that this group of MSCs may be particularly effective for bone repair. Consequently, the researchers investigated the functions of these CD73-positive MSCs in fracture healing.

As a fracture heals, it progresses through various stages; these include clotted blood forming at the fracture, which becomes replaced by a callus of fibrous tissues and cartilage, followed by formation of a hard bony callus. The bone is then remodelled, as regular bone replaces the hard callus and the bone returns to its usual shape.

“The generation of the callus is critically dependent on the recruitment of MSCs from the surrounding tissue and the bone marrow,” explained lead author Kenichi Kimura. “Therefore, fracture healing models are helpful for exploring the cellular dynamics of MSC migration and differentiation during tissue regeneration.”

In the study, published in Bone Reports, the team observed the CD73-positive MSCs moving towards the site of the fracture and forming new cartilage and bone cells to heal the fracture in mice. The CD73-positive sECs were also involved in the healing of the fracture, as they contributed to the process of “neovascularisation”, the formation of new blood vessels to support the healed bone. Finally, they went on to graft CD73-positive MSCs into the area of a fracture, which markedly enhanced the healing process compared with when they grafted into CD73-negative MSCs.

The researchers claimed that their study could lead to the development of future treatments for fractures. “The identification of this subpopulation of MSCs could be of great benefit for regenerative medicine and the treatment of fractures,” summarised Kimura.